What are the violations & penalties in Biathlon?

Section 7: Violations & Penalties

Muzzle direction: The rifle muzzle must be over the firing line from the beginning to the end of the shooting bout, and an athlete may never deliberately point it at themselves or others (Rule 8.5.1). Violating shooting safety regulations results in disqualification (Rule 11.3.4).
Loading and unloading: After starting, the bolt may not be opened or the magazine removed except on the shooting mat, and rifles must be unloaded after each shooting bout (Rule 8.5.2, Rule 8.5.2.1).
Aimed shots: All shots must be aimed and fired at the targets only (Rule 8.5.3).

Early start: An athlete who starts early must return and start again, and the lost time counts against them (Rule 6.4.5); in single-start events, starting outside the start window without returning brings a 30-second penalty (Rule 11.3.1). In the Pursuit, starting more than three seconds early is a disqualification (Rule 11.3.4).
Cross-fire: Hits on the wrong target are not scored (Rule 8.7.3.2) and a 2-minute penalty applies (Rule 11.3.3).
Rounds not fired: Recommencing skiing before firing all five shots (or all eight in a Relay) without hitting all targets brings a 2-minute penalty for every round not fired (Rule 11.3.3).
Equipment violation: Appearing at the start with non-compliant equipment leads to a start prohibition (Rule 11.2); modifying inspected equipment in a prohibited way is a disqualification (Rule 11.3.4).
Course cutting: Deviating from the marked trail, skiing a wrong trail, or skiing loops in the wrong sequence or direction — DSQ (Rule 11.3.4).

Sanction types: Penalties and disciplinary measures are reprimands, start prohibitions, time penalties, disqualifications, suspension and fines (Rule 11).
Time penalties: Thirty seconds, one minute or two minutes depending on the offence (Rule 11.3.1, Rule 11.3.2, Rule 11.3.3).
Suspension and fines: Gross violations may lead to suspension (Rule 11.5) and fines (Rule 11.6).

Muzzle direction: The rifle muzzle must be over the firing line from the beginning to the end of the shooting bout, and an athlete may never deliberately point it at themselves or others (Rule 8.5.1). Violating shooting safety regulations results in disqualification (Rule 11.3.4).
Loading and unloading: After starting, the bolt may not be opened or the magazine removed except on the shooting mat, and rifles must be unloaded after each shooting bout (Rule 8.5.2, Rule 8.5.2.1).
Aimed shots: All shots must be aimed and fired at the targets only (Rule 8.5.3).

Early start: An athlete who starts early must return and start again, and the lost time counts against them (Rule 6.4.5); in single-start events, starting outside the start window without returning brings a 30-second penalty (Rule 11.3.1). In the Pursuit, starting more than three seconds early is a disqualification (Rule 11.3.4).
Cross-fire: Hits on the wrong target are not scored (Rule 8.7.3.2) and a 2-minute penalty applies (Rule 11.3.3).
Rounds not fired: Recommencing skiing before firing all five shots (or all eight in a Relay) without hitting all targets brings a 2-minute penalty for every round not fired (Rule 11.3.3).
Equipment violation: Appearing at the start with non-compliant equipment leads to a start prohibition (Rule 11.2); modifying inspected equipment in a prohibited way is a disqualification (Rule 11.3.4).
Course cutting: Deviating from the marked trail, skiing a wrong trail, or skiing loops in the wrong sequence or direction — DSQ (Rule 11.3.4).

Sanction types: Penalties and disciplinary measures are reprimands, start prohibitions, time penalties, disqualifications, suspension and fines (Rule 11).
Time penalties: Thirty seconds, one minute or two minutes depending on the offence (Rule 11.3.1, Rule 11.3.2, Rule 11.3.3).
Suspension and fines: Gross violations may lead to suspension (Rule 11.5) and fines (Rule 11.6).