What is penalty loop and stadium in Biathlon?

Section 3: Playing Area

Distance: 50 m (164 ft) from the firing line to the targets.
Lanes: Minimum 30 firing lanes for World Cup and Olympic competitions. Each lane is approximately 2.75 m (9 ft) wide.
Prone targets: 5 circular metal plates, each 45 mm (1.77 in) in diameter. The target falls (closes) when hit, providing immediate visual feedback.
Standing targets: 5 circular metal plates, each 115 mm (4.53 in) in diameter. Larger targets compensate for the inherent instability of standing shooting after intense physical exertion.
Electronic target system: All IBU-level competitions use electronic target systems that register hits/misses in real time and transmit data to the timing and display system. Manual backup targets are maintained.
Wind indicators: Wind flags positioned near the targets to help athletes judge crosswind conditions. No wind compensation in scoring — athletes must adjust their aim based on real-time conditions.

Sprint course: Loops of 2.5 km (men) or 2.5 km (women), with the course passing through the stadium and shooting range area between loops.
Individual course: Loops of 4 km or 5 km depending on the venue, with 4 passes through the shooting range.
Terrain profile: Designed per IBU specifications with a mix of uphill (approximately one-third), downhill (one-third), and flat/undulating (one-third) terrain. Maximum climb per loop should not exceed the IBU altitude difference standards.
Course width: Minimum 6 m (20 ft) at the start/finish area, minimum 4 m (13 ft) on the course for safe overtaking.

Penalty loop: 150 m (492 ft) circuit located adjacent to the shooting range. Athletes ski one loop for each missed target (in Sprint, Pursuit, Mass Start, and Relay events). Completing one loop adds approximately 20–25 seconds to the athlete's total time.
Stadium layout: Encompasses the start/finish area, shooting range, penalty loop, warm-up area, wax cabins, and spectator zones. The stadium design must allow television cameras to capture shooting, penalty loops, and finish simultaneously.
Altitude: Competition venues are typically located at 800–1800 m (2600–5900 ft) elevation, though no strict altitude limits apply.

Distance: 50 m (164 ft) from the firing line to the targets.
Lanes: Minimum 30 firing lanes for World Cup and Olympic competitions. Each lane is approximately 2.75 m (9 ft) wide.
Prone targets: 5 circular metal plates, each 45 mm (1.77 in) in diameter. The target falls (closes) when hit, providing immediate visual feedback.
Standing targets: 5 circular metal plates, each 115 mm (4.53 in) in diameter. Larger targets compensate for the inherent instability of standing shooting after intense physical exertion.
Electronic target system: All IBU-level competitions use electronic target systems that register hits/misses in real time and transmit data to the timing and display system. Manual backup targets are maintained.
Wind indicators: Wind flags positioned near the targets to help athletes judge crosswind conditions. No wind compensation in scoring — athletes must adjust their aim based on real-time conditions.

Sprint course: Loops of 2.5 km (men) or 2.5 km (women), with the course passing through the stadium and shooting range area between loops.
Individual course: Loops of 4 km or 5 km depending on the venue, with 4 passes through the shooting range.
Terrain profile: Designed per IBU specifications with a mix of uphill (approximately one-third), downhill (one-third), and flat/undulating (one-third) terrain. Maximum climb per loop should not exceed the IBU altitude difference standards.
Course width: Minimum 6 m (20 ft) at the start/finish area, minimum 4 m (13 ft) on the course for safe overtaking.

Penalty loop: 150 m (492 ft) circuit located adjacent to the shooting range. Athletes ski one loop for each missed target (in Sprint, Pursuit, Mass Start, and Relay events). Completing one loop adds approximately 20–25 seconds to the athlete's total time.
Stadium layout: Encompasses the start/finish area, shooting range, penalty loop, warm-up area, wax cabins, and spectator zones. The stadium design must allow television cameras to capture shooting, penalty loops, and finish simultaneously.
Altitude: Competition venues are typically located at 800–1800 m (2600–5900 ft) elevation, though no strict altitude limits apply.