UCI

Riders must complete every section under their own power (running with bike permitted); Outside assistance restricted to designated tech zones

Heat-format brackets; top finishers advance through quarterfinals/semis/final

Riders gridded by UCI ranking; mass start with countdown; Riders complete prescribed laps; first across finish line wins; Lapping: lapped riders pulled when caught (XCO)

Bicycle frame: rigid or suspended; minimum wheel diameter 26" (66 cm), max 29" (74 cm); 27.5" and 29" dominant in pro XCO; Hydraulic disc brakes required at UCI level (front + rear); Handlebar width limited to 1000 mm max

XCO: circuit 4-6 km/lap, 4-7 laps, ~80-100 min target winning time; mix of climb/descent/technical features; XCM: point-to-point or large loop, 60-160 km; XCE: short (~1-1.5 km) circuit with technical features; heat-format eliminator

Individual sport; nations may field teams for relay events; UCI categories: Elite Men, Elite Women, U23 Men/Women, Junior Men/Women; Officials: race director, commissaires (line judges, technical, finish), medical staff, course marshals

Riders gridded by UCI ranking; mass start with countdown; Riders complete prescribed laps; first across finish line wins; Lapping: lapped riders pulled when caught (XCO)

Individual races: finishing time + position; UCI World Series: points awarded per round → series standings; series leader's jersey awarded; UCI World Rankings: rolling 12-month aggregate; informs Olympic qualification

Cutting course: time penalty or disqualification; Outside assistance: outside tech zones — disqualification; Mechanical doping (motor): immediate disqualification + suspension + fine

Mandatory CE-certified helmets; full-face helmet + knee/elbow pads required for DHI, 4X, PUT. Course inspection prior to competition; commissaires authorized to neutralize sections in unsafe conditions.